Krupasagar P.N.*, Shekshavali T., Chethan M.L., Ganesh D.S.
Dept of Pharmacology, National College of Pharmacy, Balraj URS Road, Shivamogga (Dist) 577201, Karnataka.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: krupasagarpn17@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Acacia ferruginea are also known as White bark acacia. Herbal plants are potent in curing various ailments of ancient times as they have comparatively lesser side effects. The demands for natural drugs, mostly from plant sources, are increasing over the past few decades. Because of their several medicinal properties, Acacia species are used to treat a variety of diseases. One of the species Acacia ferruginea reported its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti– haemorrhoidal, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, wound healing and anti-protozoal activities. This review focus on the detailed morphology, phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties of different parts of Acacia ferruginea.
KEYWORDS: Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Anti-diabetic, Antibacterial, Anti-fungal, Anti– haemorrhoidal, Antiulcer, Hepatoprotective.
INTRODUCTION:
Medicinal plants are nature’s gift to the human species through local customs and knowledge, as they have been collected, consumed and managed. In India, 17% of rural people were depending on herbal medicines due to medicinal plants are available in local areas. In recent times, it is observed that people prefer natural products over synthetic products. The same scenario is applicable in the field of food and herbal medicines etc. It assests that synthetic products shows substantially more side effects when compared with natural products. India is a garden of curative of plants for the treatment of numerous ailments and diseases. However getting synthetic medications is difficult due to affordability and poverty level1. Acacia ferruginea belongs to the family Mimosaceae and it is important medicinal plant. Acacia ferruginea is found in the peninsular india, from Gujarat to gunjam in the east. It is occasional in the scrub in southern interior and occurs in the dry forests of srilanka.
Botanical name: Acacia ferruginea.
Synonyms: Mimosa ferruginea, Mimosa woony B.Heyne ex Wall. Common name: Rusty acacia.
Kingdom: Plantae. Phylum: Tracheophyta. Class:
Magnoliopsida. Order : Fabales.
Family : Mimosaceae. Genus : Acacia.
Species : Acacia ferruginea.
Kannada: Banni, Banni mara Hindi: Kaigar, Kingore English: White Bark Acacia Tamil: Velvelam
Telugu: Anachandra, Inupa tumma
Malayalam: Vanni Sanskrit: Arimedah, Brahmashalya Nepali: Khour.
Plant: Acacia ferruginea is a plant species that belongs to Mimosaceae family. It is commonly known as Rusty Acacia. It consists of moderate sized armed, spiny deciduous trees with white bark end and glabrous branchelets. All parts of this plant extracts are bitter, acrid, astringent, demulcent. Bark is rough, rusty dark brown colored, glabrous.
Geographical distribution: It is distributed in Bengaluru, Bellary, Chikamagaluru, Hassan, Mysore, Shivamogga, Gujarat, Tamilnadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, Bangladesh, India and Srilanka.
Leaves: Leaves are alternate bipinnate leaflets elliptic shape ranging from 15 to 20 pairs, main rachis slender, glabrous with a large gland on the petiole and another between the uppermost pair of pinnae: petioles are 2.5-5cm long thickened at the base: stipular spines are short hooked in pairs and stalked. Leaf apex is subacute, leaf base is oblique and leaf margin is ciliate.
Flowers: Flowers are pale yellow in colored, unisexual, sessile, slender, axillary spikes, ranging from 7.5-10cm long peducles often numerous, pod lanceolate and glabrous.
Seeds: Seeds are greenish to brown in colored, flat ovate, sessile oblong and distinctly stalked.
Medicinal uses: The plant Acacia ferruginea consists of diverse pharmacological activities like anti- inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diabetic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti– haemorrhoidal, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, anti-diarrhoel, wound healing and anti-protozoal activity.
Figure No.3: Tree of Acacia ferruginea
The aerial parts of the plant Acacia ferruginea contains bioactive phytochemical constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, di-terpenoids, tri- terpenoids, carbohydrates, steriods, coumarin, catechin, quercetin, ellagic acid, anthraquinones, derivatives of quinones, quinolines, imidazole, pyrolidine, gums and mucilages.
Traditional uses:
Acacia ferruginea has been used as a traditional system medicine such as Ayurveda and Unani to treat ulcers, burns, scalds, piles, worm infestation, dyspnoea, giddiness, wounds, bronchitis, cough, diarrhoea, skin diseases, pruritus, leucoderma, dysentery, haemorrhages, dental caries, intermittent fevers, blood disorders, liver diseases, stomatitis, gonorrhoea, edema and burning sensation.
Acacia arabica, Acacia catechu, Acacia ferruginea, Acacia niltoca, Acacia didyma, Acacia_comans, Acacia thieleana, Acacia uliginoda, Acacia varia, Acacia saliciformis, Acacia_ramulosa, Acacia pudica, Acacia quornensis, Acacia ixiophylla, Acacia kingiana, Acacia leptoneura, Acacia wollarensis, Acacia congesta, Acacia aristulata.
The hepato-protective activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Acacia ferruginea leaves against the carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in wistar albino rats. It has been revealed and reported that the leaves of Acacia ferruginea contains bioactive phytochemical constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, Saponins and tritrepenoids. It has been confirmed its pharmacological activities and it has been shown maximum hepatoprotective potential effect against the carbontetrachloride induced liver damage in wistar albino rats.5
The in-vivo analgesic and inflammatory activities of hydro-alcoholic extracts of bark and leaves of Acacia ferruginea in wistar albino rats. The study has been reported that hydro-alcoholic extracts of bark and leaves of Acacia ferruginea has been shown significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in wistar albino rats.6
The invivo antidiabetic activity of methanoilc extract of Acacia ferruginea bark against alloxan induced diabetic wistar albino rats. It has been revealed and reported that the methanolic extract of Acacia ferruginea bark has been shown the maximum hypoglycemic effect against alloxan induced diabetic wistar albino rats.7
The anti-hemorrhoidal activity of bark extract of Acacia ferruginea. It has been reported that bark extract of Acacia ferruginea has been shown significant anti-hemorrhoidal potential effect in wistar albino rats.8
The invivo anti-ulcerative activity of acetone extract of fresh bark of Acacia ferruginea against ethanol induced gastric ulcer in swiss albino rats. It has been reported that acetone extract of fresh bark of Acacia ferruginea has been shown the maximum anti ulcerogenic effect against ethanol induced gastric ulcer in swiss albino rats.9
Plant-derived antibiotics addressed a new area in pharmacology since the antibacterial effectiveness of plant extracts and phytochemicals with susceptible and resistant antibiotics was evaluated.10,11 Phytochemicals demonstrated potent antibacterial activities against pathogens that were both sensitive and aggressive, through several mechanisms of action.12 Aqueous and methanol extracts of A. ferruginea leaves demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis.13 From leaf hydroalcoholic extract, moderate activity was seen in Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, E. Coli, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Rhizopus nigricans.14
Comprehensive study of systematic review on the pytochemistry of Acacia ferruginea. It has been suggested that Acacia ferruginea contains bio-active components such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, saponins and alkaloids. It has been confirmed its pharmacological activities and demonstrated a plenty of therapeutic potential effect to be used as a source of novel therapeutic drugs and traditional medicines for the prevention and treatment of various diseases such as skin diseases, pruritus, liver diseases and blood disorders.15
9. Pharmacognostic studies on stem bark of Acacia ferruginea DC.
The World Health Organization states that describing a medicinal plant's appearance both macroscopic and microscopic description is the first stage in determining its identity and level of purity. In this case, accurate plant identification may be based on the pharmacognostical assessment of A. ferruginea stem bark. Preliminary phytochemical research also helps to provide important details regarding the chemical makeup of the plant material. The tree is now classed as threatened on the IUCN Red List of Species. Before this plant vanishes off the face of the planet, conservation and research are desperately needed. It will provide valuable information to the future investigators for proper identification of plant.17
Anticancer medication The unfavorable side effects of cyclophosphamide (CTX) include urotoxicity and immunotoxicity. It has been discovered that Acacia ferruginea can shield mice from or lessen the toxicity brought on by CTX. When given for ten consecutive days, the methanol extract of A. ferruginea aerial parts (10mg/kg BW, IP daily) decreased the toxicity caused by CTX (25mg/kg BW, IP daily). The extract also prevented weight losses in the liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus, which decreased the potential effect of CTX on the host immune system. The shape of the small intestine, the bladder, and the levels of glutathione, an antioxidant, have all improved, suggesting that the antioxidant plays a part in lessening the urotoxicity that CTX causes. Additionally, the extract's application dramatically raised bone marrow cellularity and -esterase levels as well as total leukocyte counts in CTX-treated mice which suggested a protective effect on the hematopoietic system. A. ferruginea extract showed larvicidal efficacy on Culex quinquefaciatus with LC50 values as 362.6ppm.18
The plant is one of important sources of medicinal active ingredients and widely used in Ayurvedic system of medicine, in recent years, ethano botanical and traditional uses of natural substances from plant origin have more attention and generally believed to be safe for human use, this plant reported for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti– haemorrhoidal, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, wound healing and anti-protozoal activities. The data recorded can be used as a source for discovering modern medicine, due to its valuable medicinal characters, there is enormous scope for future research on Acacia ferruginea. And further clinical or pharmacological investigation should be carried out to investigate unexploited properties of this plant.
Authors are thankful to the National Education Society for providing facilities through the Principal National College of Pharmacy, Shimoga, Karnataka, India.
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Received on 25.05.2024 Modified on 11.06.2024
Accepted on 26.06.2024 ©A&V Publications All right reserved
Res. J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics.2024;16(3):243-246.
DOI: 10.52711/2321-5836.2024.00041